DISEASES OF THE PANCREAS - CLINICAL FINDINGS
Pancreatic Disease	Symptoms	Signs	Abnormal Lab Test Results	Abnormal Imaging Findings	Initial Treatment	General and Follow-Up Treatment	Age Range(s) Typically Found	Prognosis
Acute Pancreatitis	Severe epigastric pain radiating to back, nausea, vomiting	Epigastric tenderness, Cullen’s sign, Grey Turner’s sign	↑Amylase, ↑Lipase, leukocytosis, ↑CRP, abnormal LFTs	Enlarged, inflamed pancreas, peripancreatic fluid collection	IV fluids, pain control, NPO, supportive care	Avoid alcohol, low-fat diet, manage underlying cause	Middle-aged to older adults, younger in gallstone-related cases	Good if mild, severe cases can be life-threatening
Chronic Pancreatitis	Chronic abdominal pain, steatorrhea, weight loss	Epigastric tenderness, malnutrition, diabetes	Mildly ↑Amylase, ↑Lipase, low fecal elastase, diabetes	Pancreatic atrophy, calcifications, ductal dilatation	Pain management, pancreatic enzyme supplements, low-fat diet	Avoid alcohol, pancreatic enzyme replacement, diabetes management	Middle-aged to older adults, younger in hereditary cases	Progressive disease with risk of diabetes and malnutrition
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1	Polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, fatigue	Dehydration, tachycardia, weight loss	↓Insulin, ↑Glucose, ↑HbA1c, autoantibodies (GAD, IA-2)	No pancreatic abnormalities, atrophy in late stage	Insulin therapy	Lifelong insulin therapy, monitor for complications	Childhood, early adulthood	Lifelong management needed, risk of complications
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2	Polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, blurred vision	Obesity, acanthosis nigricans, hypertension	↑Glucose, ↑HbA1c, insulin resistance markers	No pancreatic abnormalities, pancreatic fat deposition in obesity	Lifestyle modification, oral hypoglycemics, insulin if needed	Glycemic control monitoring, weight management, cardiovascular risk reduction	Middle-aged to older adults, rising in younger populations	Variable; controlled with lifestyle and medication, can worsen
Pancreatic Insufficiency	Fatty stools, weight loss, bloating, malnutrition	Malnutrition, bloating, vitamin deficiencies	↓Fecal elastase, abnormal secretin stimulation test	Pancreatic atrophy, malabsorption findings on imaging	Pancreatic enzyme replacement, dietary modification	Monitor nutritional status, adjust enzyme dosage as needed	Any age, more common in chronic pancreatitis or cystic fibrosis	Good with enzyme replacement, poor if untreated
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1	Polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, fatigue	Dehydration, tachycardia, weight loss	↓Insulin, ↑Glucose, ↑HbA1c, autoantibodies (GAD, IA-2)	No pancreatic abnormalities, atrophy in late stage	Insulin therapy	Lifelong insulin therapy, monitor for complications	Childhood, early adulthood	Lifelong management needed, risk of complications
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2	Polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, blurred vision	Obesity, acanthosis nigricans, hypertension	↑Glucose, ↑HbA1c, insulin resistance markers	No pancreatic abnormalities, pancreatic fat deposition in obesity	Lifestyle modification, oral hypoglycemics, insulin if needed	Glycemic control monitoring, weight management, cardiovascular risk reduction	Middle-aged to older adults, rising in younger populations	Variable; controlled with lifestyle and medication, can worsen
Pancreatic Insufficiency	Fatty stools, weight loss, bloating, malnutrition	Malnutrition, bloating, vitamin deficiencies	↓Fecal elastase, abnormal secretin stimulation test	Pancreatic atrophy, malabsorption findings on imaging	Pancreatic enzyme replacement, dietary modification	Monitor nutritional status, adjust enzyme dosage as needed	Any age, more common in chronic pancreatitis or cystic fibrosis	Good with enzyme replacement, poor if untreated